Everything about Hydraulic Fill totally explained
A
hydraulic fill is an embankment or other fill in which the materials are deposited in place by a flowing stream of water, with the deposition being selective.
Gravity, coupled with velocity control, is used to effect the selected deposition of the material.
Where
borrow pits containing suitable material are accessible at an elevation such that the earth can be
sluiced to the fill after being washed from the bank by high-pressure nozzles, hydraulic fill is likely to be the most economic method of construction. Even when the source material lacks sufficient elevation, it can be elevated to the sluice by a
dredge pump. In the construction of a hydraulic fill
dam, the edges of the dam are defined by low embankments or
dykes which are built upward as the fill progresses. The sluices are carried parallel to and just inside these dykes. The sluices discharge their water-earth mixture at intervals, the water fanning out and flowing towards the central pool which is maintained at the desired level by discharge control. While flowing from the sluices, coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited as the flow velocity is reduced towards the center of the dam. This fine material forms an
impervious core to the dam. The water flow must be well controlled at all times, otherwise the central section may be bridged by tongues of coarse material which would facilitate seepage through the dam later.
Hydraulic fill dams can be dangerous in areas of seismic activity due to the high susceptibility of the uncompacted, cohesionless soils in them to
earthquake liquefaction. In these situations, a dam build of compacted soil may be a better choice. The
Low San Fernando Dam (External Link
)is an example of a hydraulic fill dam that failed during an earthquake.
The
Fort Peck Dam is an example of a hydraulic fill dam that failed during construction where the hydraulic filling process may have contributed to the failure.
Hydraulic fill is also a term used in
hard rock mining and describes the placement of finely ground mining wastes into underground
stopes in a slurry by boreholes and pipes to stabilise the voids.
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